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Colorectal Cancer
Home > Colorectal Cancer
- Overview
- Symptoms
- Risk Factor
- Diagnosis
- Stages
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Overview
Colorectal hhh cancer also called as cancer of the large intestine, occurs when the cells that line the colo nor the rectum become abnormal and grow out of control. Most cases of colorectal cancer begin as small, noncancerous (benign) clumps of cells called adenomatous polyps. Over time some of these polyps may turns cancerous. By colonoscopy, colon cancer and polyps can be visualised.
Incidence
The incidence of rectal cancer in India is lower than that in the western countries, and it is the tenth leading cancer in India.- Mean age of rectal cancer (RC): around 40-45 years.
Most common forms of inherited colon cancer syndromes
Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC).
HNPCC, also called Lynch syndrome, increases the risk of colon cancer and other cancers. People with HNPCC tend to develop colon cancer before age 50.
Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP)
FAP is a rare disorder that causes you to develop thousands of polyps in the lining of your colon and rectum. People with untreated FAP have a greatly increased risk of developing colon cancer before age 40.
Symptoms of Colorectal Cancer
Signs and symptoms of Colorectal cancer may include
Changes in bowel habits, including persistent constipation or diarrhoea, a feeling of not being able to empty the bowel completely, an urgency to move the bowels, or a change in the consistency of the stools ( long, thin 'pencil stools')
Rectal bleeding or dark patches of blood in or on stool
Persistent abdominal discomfort such as cramps, bloating, gas or pain
Unexplained fatigue, weakness, loss of appetite and/or weight loss
Pelvic pain, which occurs at later stages of the disease
Risk Factor
Factors that are associated with an increased risk of Colorectal cancer include:
People diagnosed with colon cancer are of older age (>50 years). Colon cancer can occur in younger people, but it occurs much less frequently.
Chronic inflammatory diseases of the colon, such as Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, can increase your risk of colon cancer.
Personal history of Colorectal cancer.
Family history of colon cancer
Inherited syndromes that increase colon cancer risk.
Sedentary lifestyle
Smoking
Alcohol
Diagnosis
Cervical Risk Factors
Sexual exposure early in life
Cervical Risk Factors
Oropharyngeal squamous carcinoma (OSCC)
Cervical Risk Factors
Smoking is associated with squamous cell cervical cancer
Cervical Risk Factors
Having other sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
Cervical Risk Factors
Many sexual partners increases chance of acquiring HPV.
Cervical Risk Factors
Giving birth to many children increases the risk of HPV
Cervical Risk Factors
Persistent infection of the cervix with Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Screening
For Colorectal Cancer
Using guaiac-based test or Immunochimical test
Colonoscopy
CT Colonoscopy
Fecal occult blood test
Flexible sigmoidoscopy
Stages of Colorectal cancer
Stages of colorectal cancer span from Stage I to Stage IV
Stage 0
Abnormal cells are found in the innermost lining of the colon or rectal wall (mucosa)
Stage 1
Cancer has formed in the mucosa (innermost layer) and has spread to the submucosa (layer of tissue under the mucosa) and muscle layer of colon or rectum
Stage 2
The cancer has grown through the wall of the colon or rectum to the lining of the abdomen, and has grown into nearby structures.
Stage 3
The cancer has grown throught the inner lining or into the muscle layers of the intestine and spread to lymph nodes.
When should screening for colorectal cancer begin?
Age Scale: 45
In general, screening for colorectal cancer should begin at the age of 45, when the risk for developing colorectal polyps and cancer starts to increase.
Men and Women should under screening since colorectal polyps and cancer affect both genders.
However, if having a personal or a family history of colorectal polyps or cancer, screening may need to begin before age 45.
Discuss with the clinical to ensure what age is best to start your screening based on personal risk factors.
- Significance of HPV vaccination
- Polyps: There are a variety of polyps that can form on the inner wall of the colon or rectum. Precancerous polyps can turn into colorectal cancer. People with numerous polyps including adenomas, hyperplastic polyps or other types of polyps often have a genetic predisposition to polyposis and colorectal cancer. These individuals should be managed differently than people with only one to two colorectal polyps.
- Inflammatory bowel disease: Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are conditions in which the lining of the colon becomes inflamed. People with these conditions, when present for more than seven years and affecting a large portion of the colon, are at greater risk for developing Colorectal cancer.
- Personal history: A person who already has had colorectal adenomas or cancer may develop the disease a second time. Also, a history of Inflammatory bowel disease can increase the risk of developing Colorectal cancer.
- Family history: Sometimes colon cancer 'runs in' families. This type of moderately increased cancer risk can be called a 'familial colon cancer.' When a person has a hereditary cancer susceptibility, he or she has inherited a copy of a cancer susceptibility gene with a mutation. Individuals who inherit a mutation in a cancer susceptibility gene have a much greater chance for developing cancer. However, not everyone with a cancer susceptibility gene mutation will develop cancer. Genetic testing is available for all of these colorectal cancer syndromes.
Tests for Colorectal Cancer
- Clinical Work up
- Department
Screening
CEA; CARCINO EMBRYONIC ANTIGEN
CA 72.4; GASTRIC CANCER MARKER
Diagnostic work up
HISTOPATHOLOGY BIOPSY: SMALL SPECIMEN
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY: CYTOKERATIN (PANCYTOKERATIN)
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY: Ki-67
HISTOPATHOLOGY BIOPSY: LARGE COMPLEX / CANCER SPECIMEN
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY: CYTOKERATIN- 7 (CK-7)
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY: CYTOKERATIN-20 (CK-20)
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY: CDX-2
IMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY: MICROSATELLITE INSTABILITY PANEL
ONCOPRO HEREDITARY CANCER RISK PANEL
COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT; CBC
Prognostic work up
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY: CYTOKERATIN (PANCYTOKERATIN)
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY: Ki-67
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY: CYTOKERATIN- 7 (CK-7)
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY: CYTOKERATIN-20 (CK-20)
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY: CDX-2
IMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY: MICROSATELLITE INSTABILITY PANEL
KRAS MUTATION CODON 12 & 13
CANCER 50 GENE PANEL, NGS
BRAF MUTATION ANALYSIS
CPIK3CA MUTATION ANALYSIS
CANCER GENE ANY 3 MARKERS, NGS
MICROSATELLITE INSTABILITY (MSI) PCR
ONCOPRO HEREDITARY CANCER RISK PANEL
ONCOPRO LIQUID BIOPSY
KRAS & NRAS MUTATION ANALYSIS PANEL
CANCER TARGETED GENE PANEL: COLON / COLORECTAL
Follow up
ONCOPRO LIQUID BIOPSY
Additional relevant tests
CANCER 50 GENE PANEL, NGS
ONCOPRO HEREDITARY CANCER RISK PANEL
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- Popular Tests
- Lab Test At Home
Get a call back within 15 minutes from our Health Advisor for Test Booking Assistance
© 2025 LalPathLabs.com. All rights reserved.
---v2.05.12.25.1Follow us on: